>>53
Addition:
Type-I consonant
- 'h' represent 2 non-phonemic sounds. The 2nd sound occur when it is paired with 'i', both as 'hi' and 'ih'. This sound can be variously described as: front h, hissing h, and hot h (due to the sound made when the tongue has just been exposed to hot stuffs). This sound is automatic, though, as the way 'i' is pronounced made it impossible to pronounce the normal 'h'.
Type-III consonants:
- 'q' occur mostly in Arabic words and as such may be pronounced in Arabic may, but it being Arabic, usually only Muslims trying authentic pronounciation will say it that way. Most people would say them as simple 'k', though.
- 'v'. The reason it does not represent any distinct sound and definitely not the English 'v' is because English 'v' is the voiced sound of English 'f', while this 'f' is different from Indonesian 'f'. It is possible to voice Indonesian 'f', albeit rare.
- 'z' is, like 'q', occur mostly in Arabic words and so may be pronounced as 'z' or 's' depending on speaker, though mostly as 's'.
Type-IV consonant
- 'kh' was originally like Greek "chrono", Scottish "loch", and German "Bach" (the usual examples....), but with this being an Arabic word and actually difficult to pronounce (for the average Indonesian), it usually shift to 'k' instead.
To summarize, there are 5 sounds that can differ according to speaker (the difference can be considered "dialectal"), they are:
As distinct sounds: q, v, z, sy, kh
Though mostly as: k, f, s, s, k
note: need more thinking....